![]() The final set of 10 included studies represented 5373 participants. 2 reviewers assessed each using the following inclusion criteria: data collection between 1998-2008 tPSA measurements for all participants histological confirmation of the diagnosis samples from a European population and sufficient data to calculate 2 × 2 tables. These were assessed by 6 reviewers, who shortlisted 54 of possible relevance. ![]() The focus of this review was restricted to European populations as tPSA levels are known to vary by population group. The time period was restricted to ensure that the estimates referred to contemporary tPSA tests and prostate cancer reference standards. This study systematically reviews recent literature on tPSA accuracy. The reference standard for diagnosing this condition is prostate biopsy, an invasive procedure. Prostate cancer is the fourth commonest cancer in the UK, and the incidence is rising.
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